What is Hardware? Functions, Types & Examples

Hardware refers to physical devices that are closely related to computers or laptops. Essentially, all computer components that have a physical form and can be seen and touched are considered hardware.

But what exactly are the different types of hardware, their functions, how they work, and their examples? Check out the complete explanation below!

What is Hardware?

Hardware includes all types of physical components in a computer that can be seen and touched. In the context of computer systems, hardware is the physical tools used to perform various processes like input, output, and processing.

Characteristics of Hardware

The key characteristics of hardware are as follows:

Physical Form: Unlike software, which does not have a physical form, hardware is tangible and can be touched.
Generally Hard in Nature: Examples include keyboards, printers, scanners, and other devices that are typically solid.
Located Outside the Computer: Most hardware components are found outside the computer. However, some, such as RAM and CPU, are inside the computer.
Mediates Between User and Software: Hardware serves as an intermediary between the user and software, receiving input and providing output.

Functions of Hardware

Hardware primarily makes it easier for users to operate a computer efficiently. Specific functions include:

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Providing Output: Hardware gives output to the user after processing the input.
Receiving Input: Besides providing output, hardware also receives user input.
Storing Information and Data: Hardware stores output data, typically in computer storage devices.
Processing Information and Data: It processes data and converts it into useful information that humans can understand.

Types of Hardware

There are various types of hardware and their examples that you need to know:

Output Hardware: Devices that produce new information or data that users understand, such as:
- Monitor: Displays processed information for users to view.
- Printer: Prints information or data onto paper in the form of text or images.
- Speaker: Converts electrical waves into audio waves by vibrating its membrane.
Input Hardware: Devices that input data like images, text, video, and audio into the computer, such as:
- Mouse: Moves the cursor and executes quick commands. Typically, a mouse has three buttons.
- Keyboard: Essential for data processing, inputting letters, numbers, and symbols as required by the user.
- Scanner: Copies or scans images and texts into the computer's memory.
Processing Hardware: Devices that process data and perform critical computer operations, such as:
- CPU: Controls all processes within the computer, including instructions, management, and desired output.
- VGA: Processes graphic data and displays output on the computer monitor.
- RAM: Determines the access speed within a computer.
Storage Devices: Hardware that stores computer data, such as:
- Hard Disk (HDD): Stores secondary data, can be internal or external.
- Flash Drive: USB-connected storage devices that facilitate data transfer between computers.
- Optical Disk: CD or DVD storage media read or written by laser light.
Peripheral Devices: Additional tools that assist the computer in executing user commands, such as:
- Modem: Converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa for internet connectivity.

How Hardware Works

Hardware operates based on instructions referred to as instruction sets, allowing it to perform specified tasks. Basic instructions include:

Input Instructions: Provides information to other software using drivers, typically during user interactions like typing or clicking the mouse.
Process Instructions: Mediates between input and output processes within the hardware itself.
Output Instructions: Executes user commands by using the hardware.